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Passing is the ability of a person to be regarded as a member of social groups other than his or her own, such as a different race, ethnicity, caste, social class, gender, age and/or disability status, generally with the purpose of gaining social acceptance 〔Daniel G. Renfrow, "A Cartography of Passing in Everyday Life," ''Symbolic Interaction'', Vol. 27, Issue 4, pp. 485-506; Maria C. Sanchez, ''Passing: Identity and Interpretation in Sexuality, Race, and Religion'', NYU Press, 2001.〕 or to cope with difference anxiety. This may take the form of changing only one group from the person's own, such as a person's dressing so as to pretend to be of a higher social class. Etymologically, the term is simply the nominalisation of the verb ''pass'' in its phrasal use with ''for'' or ''as'', as in a counterfeit ''passing for'' the genuine article or an impostor ''passing as'' another person. It has been in popular use since at least the late 1920s.〔Nella Larsen, ''Passing'', 1929. Caroline Bond Day and Earnest Albert Hooton, ''A Study of Some Negro-White Families in the United States'' (Cambridge MA: Harvard University, 1932). Melville J. Herskovits, ''The Anthropometry of the American Negro'' (New York: Columbia University, 1930). Cheryl I. Harris, "On Passing: Whiteness as Property," 106 ''Harvard Law Review'', 1709-1795, 1710-1712 (1993)〕 ==Social class== Class passing, analogous to racial and gender passing, is the concealment or misrepresentation of one’s social class. Whereas racial and gender passing is often stigmatized, class passing is generally accepted as normative behavior.〔Foster, Gwendolyn Audrey. ''Class-passing: Social Mobility in Film and Popular Culture'', Carbondale, Il: Southern Illinois University Press, 2005, pp. 1-5.〕 Passing in the context of caste, as prevalent in the Indian sub-continent, is also called Sanskritization. Class passing is common in US media and is linked to the notion of the American Dream and of upward class mobility. Motives for class passing might include: *Achievement of class mobility. Individuals may class pass to achieve social mobility. For instance, working-class students may class pass in educational institutions to obtain academic credentials and the associated rewards.〔Reay, Diane. "Finding or Losing Yourself? Working Class Relationships to Education", ''The RoutledgeFalmer Reader'', in ''Sociology of Education'', ed. Stephen J. Ball. London: RoutledgeFalmer, 2004, p. 33.〕 *Concealment of previous class status. Upwardly mobile individuals may class pass to conceal previous membership in the lower or working classes.〔Foster, Gwendolyn Audrey. ''Class-passing: Social Mobility in Film and Popular Culture'', Carbondale, Il: Southern Illinois University Press, 2005, p. 89.〕 *Membership in the Working Class. Membership in the working class can be construed from multiple viewpoints: on the one hand, working-class identification can be a source of positive identification; on the other, working-class identity can be a source of stigma. Working-class individuals report fear of disclosure of their identity, particularly if poor performance at work or school or deviant behavior may be attributed to them.〔Skeggs, Beverly. ''Formations of Class & Gender'', London: SAGE publications, 1997, pp. 74-77.〕 For instance, a study of working-class students found that they link the fear of performing poorly on standardized tests to a fear of being discovered as working class.〔Reay, Diane. "Finding or Losing Yourself? Working Class Relationships to Education", ''The RoutledgeFalmer Reader'', ''Sociology of Education'', ed. Stephen J. Ball. London: RoutledgeFalmer, 2004, pp. 39-41.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Passing (sociology)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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